Theory and Design of Modern Pressure Vessels [antikvár]

PREFACE In recent years research, development and exploration has unfolded the minuteness of the atom and the vastness of the universe v^ith a speed that has had no equal in the history of engineering. Considerable attention has been focused on the design of pressure vessels because these are the means by which outer space and ocean depths are reached, nuclear power harnessed, energy systems controlled, and industrial chemical and petroleum processes operated. Accompanying these engineering demands for high pressure and/or large diameter vessels has been the economic ones of weight reduction to save material, reduce fabrication costs, and enhance shipping and erection procedures. These require both the use of high working stresses and of high-strength materials. Thus, the designer has been charged with the task of providing not only a vessel of maximum reliability but also of minimum weight, which can only be justified on the basis of a careful stress analysis of the entire structure and a thorough knowledge of the material behavior. With this thought in mind, this text has been written from a designer's viewpoint to take the student or engineering graduate through the first steps and practical consideration that he will encounter in pressure vessel theory and design. It encompasses the evaluation of primary and secondary stresses in vessels, the significance of these stresses as arising from pressure, temperature, fatigue, creep and abrupt changes in section; and the compatibility of these with the environmental behavior of the material. These, together with the economics of design, fabrication, and material selection the engineer usually faces for the first time upon graduation. The vast majority of vessels are designed for internal pressure loading and these receive major consideration. Those subject to external pressure buckling are not covered, but are fully referenced. Chapter 1 covers the design philosophy of vessels subject to internal pressure, and the basic premises, methods and limitations of analytical and experimental stress analysis. Understanding the meaning and consequences of applied and residual stresses under their service loading and operating environment is emphasized, and the particular aspects of nuclear vessels are discussed.